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This module forms the basis
of a workbook to be completed with the subject text book: Foundations of
Inorganic, Organic & Biological Chemistry. Caret, Dennison, Topping. It is
not here to be completed, but merely to give an indication to prospective
students of the study style and format.
UNIT 4 Inorganic chemistry
MODULE 11
CARBON CHEMISTRY
11.1 Hydrocarbons
11.2 Alkanes
11.3 Alkenes and alkynes
11.4 Aromatic hydrocarbons
11.6 Review exercises
This is the first of two modules devoted
to fundamental concepts in organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is the study
of compounds which contain carbon. Originally it was thought that organic
molecules were produced by living organisms only. Now it is known that these
molecules can be produced without the so-called vital force.
In this module you will look at the types
of bonds carbon can form. These bonds give organic molecules features which
distinguish them from inorganic molecules. This module will concentrate on
the hydrocarbons, compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The four
families of hydrocarbons will be studied - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and
aromatic hydrocarbons. The formula, structure and naming of each of these
families will be explored.
Organic chemistry can be a bewildering
topic when you first encounter it however this course is not intended to be
an organic chemistry course. The modules are designed to introduce only the
essential concepts for studying metabolism. For this reason I would ask you
to read the objectives in each section which tell you what is the necessary
material to cover.
11.1 Hydrocarbons
 After completing this
section of the module you should be able to:
- List the three types of bonds that carbon can form;
- List four differences between inorganic and organic
molecules;
- Name the two major classes of hydrocarbons and the
three subclasses;
- Explain what a functional group is and the implications
of functional groups on hydrocarbons;
 about 2.5 hours
 Sections 9.1: p. 199;
Biological Chemistry textbook
 Learning activities
1 .What type of bonds does carbon form with carbon?
...............................................
What type of bond does carbon mainly form with other
molecules?.......................
2 . List two differences between ionic and covalent
bonds.
.........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
3 . What is a hydrocarbon?
............................................................................................................
4 . How would you distinguish between an alkene, an
alkane and an alkyne?
.....................................................
5 . What is a functional group?
..................................................................................................................
 Have a break before
continuing
11.2 Alkanes
After completing this
section of the module you should be able to:
- Describe the structure of an alkane;
- State the general formula for an alkane;
- Describe how alkanes can be represented by a molecular
formula, a structural
formula or a condensed formula;
- Name an uncomplicated alkane;
- Explain what a structural isomer is;
- Recognise that a hydrogen atom in an alkane can be
substituted by a F, Cl, I, Br or
an alkyl group;
- Explain the structure of cycloalkanes;
about 2.5 hours
Section 9.2: p. 203; Biological Chemistry textbook
Learning activities
- What is the general formula for an alkane? (I draw a
structural formula if I cant
remember the number of hydrogen atoms per a
given number of carbon atoms).
....................................................................................................................
2. Name and draw the structural formula of
the following alkanes.
CH4
................................................................
CH3CH2CH2CH3
........................................
CH3CH3
........................................................
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
.................................................
CH3(CH2)5CH3
...............................................................
3 . Name some functional groups that can be added to
alkanes.
..........................................................................................................................
What atoms do functional gropes replace in
alkanes?
.........................................................................................................................
What effect does a functional group have
on a hydrocarbon?
.........................................................................................................................
4 . What are structural
isomers?
......................
......................
An alkane is known as a saturated
hydrocarbon whilst alkenes and alkynes are
known as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
What is the difference between these molecules?
If you said that the difference was
the presence or absence of double or triple bonds
between the carbon atoms then you are
correct! Fatty acid molecules which are found in
fats and oils contain a long
hydrocarbon chain. If the hydrocarbon chain does not have
double or triple bonds then it is
known as a saturated fatty acid. However if the chain
contains a double bond it is known as
an unsaturated fatty acid.
There will be more about fatty acids
in future modules.
Have a break before continuing
11.3 Alkenes and
alkynes
After completing this section of the module you should be
able to:
1. Differentiate between a saturated and
an unsaturated hydrocarbon;
2. Name the distinguishing feature of an
alkene and alkyne;
3. State the general formula for an
alkane and an alkyne;
4. Name a few uncomplicated alkenes and
alkynes;
about 2.5 hours
Section 9.3: p. 214;
Biological Chemistry textbook
Learning activities
1 . What is the general formula for an alkene?
....
What is the general formula for an alkyne?
.
2. State whether each of the following are a saturated
hydrocarbon or an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
octane ..............
....
heptene ...............
....
propene ...........
....
butyne ...........
.......
heptyne ...........
.......
C4H10
..
C5H10
.
.
C6H10
.
.
5 . Which type of hydrocarbon contains a double bond?
.................
Which type of hydrocarbon contains a triple bond?
.................
Have a break before
continuing
11.4 Aromatic hydrocarbons
After completing this section of the module you should be able to:
- State the distinguishing feature of an aromatic
hydrocarbon;
- Explain the structure of an aromatic hydrocarbon
- Name an uncomplicated aromatic hydrocarbon;
- Recognise that a hydrogen atom in an aromatic
hydrocarbon can be substituted by a
group such as OH, Cl, I, Br or an alkyl group
about 1.5 hours
Section 9.4: p. 222;
Biological Chemistry textbook
Learning activities
- What is the distinguishing feature of an aromatic
hydrocarbon?
................................................................................................................................
What is the structure of this distinguishing feature?
...
.
What is this distinguishing feature called?
..
Have a break before continuing
11.6 Review exercises
1. A hydrocarbon contains atoms of:
A. Carbon, oxygen and chlorine
B. Hydrogen and oxygen
C. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
D. Carbon and hydrogen
2. Which of
the following statements is true?
A. In covalent and ionic bonds electrons are shared
B. Covalent molecules unlike ionic compounds
dissociate in water
C. Both bonds are electrostatic
D. Ionic compounds unlike covalent molecules
dissociate in water
3. Which of the following statements is
true?
A. Alkenes are saturated hydrocarbons
B. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
C. Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
D. Alkynes are saturated hydrocarbons
4. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring.
A. True
B. False
5. Which of the following is the formula
for alkanes?
A. CnH n
B. CnHn+2
C. CnHn-2
6. The formula
CH3CH2CH3 represents:
A. Methane
B. Ethane
C. Propane
D. Butane
7. Which of the following contains a
double bond?
A. Butyne
B. Ethane
C. Propene
D. Octane
8. Which of the following contains a
triple bond?
A. Butyne
B. Ethane
C. Propene
D. Octane
9. Aromatic hydrocarbons are
characterised by a:
A. Triple bond
B. Double bond
C. Single
and triple bonds
D. Single and double bonds
10. Functional groups replace a hydrogen
atom in a hydrocarbon.
A. True
B. False
11. Functional groups usually determine
the chemistry of an organic molecule.
A. True
B. False
12. Hydrocarbons are polar molecules.
A. True
B. False
13. Which of the following is an example
of a functional group?
A. Fluorine atom
B. Alkyl group
C. Chlorine atom
D. Iodine atom
E. All of the above are correct
14. The benzene ring contains:
A. 2 carbon atoms
B. 4 carbon atoms
C. 6 carbon atoms
D. 8 carbon atoms
15. Explain what structural isomers are.
ANSWERS
1 D 2D 3B 4A 5B 6C 7C 8A 9D 10A 11a 12A 13E 14C
15 . Structural isomers are molecules that have the same
molecular formula but different structures. They therefore have different
physical and chemical properties.
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